Mould for socketed axe B9910

Foto: Ann Mari Olsen © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0
Foto: Ann Mari Olsen © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0

One half of a soapstone mould for a socketed axe. It is polished and semi-circular. There is a matching line on the bottom, and the parting is cut down near the top. There is also a V-shaped impression that runs from the top to the edge of the mouth. The shape is that of a small axe without a handle, slightly curved in with a straight edge, as well as a marked rib around the mouth. Length: c. 8 cm. Width: 5.5 cm bottom, 6 cm top

Location:
Eide (no. 65/4), Selje, Sogn & Fjordane

Context:
Found during digging near an outcrop in peat soil, of approx. 30 cm depth. The location is close to the school fence, about 5 m above sea level

Dating:
Axes of this type are generally dated to the Younger Bronze Age period 5-6.

Mould for a socketed axe B8163

Foto: Ann Mari Olsen © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0
Foto: Ann Mari Olsen © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0
Foto: Ann Mari Olsen © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0

One half of a soapstone mould for a socketed axe. The shape is square and polished. There are matching lines near the top and bottom of the shape. Near the top there is a print consisting of three grooves on both sides, this part is cut back from the face, forming holes on both sides of the top. The shape is that of a small axe with a hole with a loop, slightly curved in and with a straight egg. The axe is decorated with four vertical and parallel depressions from the edge of the mouth and halfway down the blade. The axe hole is marked with a rib. Baudou’s type VII A 1 a (cf. Minnen fig. 1059-1060). Length: c.9.5 cm. Width: 4 cm bottom, 5 cm top

Location:
Skjeldestad (no. 63/5), Sogndal, Sogn & Fjordane

Context:
Found in an outbuilding, no information on how or when it was first found.

Dating:
Axes of this type, with two or more vertical and parallel depressions, are dated to period 4 (Baudou 1960:18).

Mould for socketed axe B4521

© Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0
Photo: Svein Skare © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0

 

One half of a small soapstone mold for a decorated ax without a handle. The shape is black and semi-circular. The core print consists of a conical depression in the middle, flanked by two round depressions and a notch on each side. The cavity is for a small waisted axe, with raised ribs on the side facets. There is a round indentation on the blade, which is an imperfection in the soapstone. Rygh 1999 [1885], fig. 97 is a parallel. Length: 5.9 cm Width: 3.8-4 cm

Location:
Stangeland, Sandnes, Rogaland

Context:
Found in the ground, no other information.

Date:
Younger Bronze Age period 5-6

Mould for socketed axe B9419

One half of a soapstone mold. The hollow is for a small axe without a loop, with waist sides and a slightly curved edge. There are two transverse ribs; the upper ends at the sides and curls towards the center of the blade. Note: as the mold is kept at Sunnmøre Museum, this description is based on photographs. Length: 7.2 cm

Context:
Found near the road during excavation. No other information.

Location:
Lillebø (gnr. 73/1), Vanylven, Møre and Romsdal

Date:
Younger Bronze Age period 5-6

Mould and bronze fragments B14186

B14186/21: Fragment of a small grey soapstone mould. The mould is broken at both ends. The cavity is for a possible arrowhead, similar to Baudou’s Lanzetten type V A (1960), alternatively a knife/dagger. Length: 3.7 cm. Width: 1.9-2.1 cm

B14186/24: Small fragment of bronze, bent into an angle. It could possibly have come from a weapon, e.g. a spearhead or sword/dagger (Engedal 2010), although this cannot be determined. Found in layer VI, dated to LN II. Length: 5.5 mm.

B14186/25: Rivet head. The top is conical and somewhat worn. Underneath, there are two casting seams radiating from the centre to the edge. The pin is broken and missing, but would have been thin. Found on top of layer VIII, dated to LN I-II based on diagnostic finds. Width: 6.9 mm

B14186/26: Fragment of bronze object, most likely an axe that has been chopped up for re-melting. The fragment is rectangular and massive, the original surface is visible. On one side there is a small round indentation, probably remains of the original decoration. There are two deep grooves, possibly chop marks. Found between layer VI and V, dated to LN II-EBA II. Measurements: 24.5 x 14.3 x 12.5 mm

Location:
Ve, Årdal, Parish and Fjordane

Context:
Found in a large mountain shelter, Skrivarhelleren, in Moadalen, 790 m.a.s.l. in the inner part of the Sognefjord. Helleren was excavated in 1987-1989, and a rich collection of faunal remains and organic material, as well as stone and flint objects, was found. Among the finds are amber and bone beads, bone needles, awls, slate and bone pendants, pottery, bifacial arrowheads, bone arrowheads, fragments of stone axes and fragments of flint daggers. Seven main layers were identified, and the bronze fragments were found in layers VIII (B14186/25), VI-V (B14186/26) and VI (B14186/24), while the mold was found in layer IV (Prescott 1991). In addition, several small bronze fragments were found in ocher samples taken from a hearth at the same level as B14186/26, which had been exposed to 1100-1200ºC, indicating metallurgical activity (Prescott 1991). The slab was used from the Late Neolithic to the Iron Age.

Date:
Based on the stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating, the bronze fragments are dated to LN II – Early Bronze Age period 2. The shape is from a layer that was dated to the Younger Bronze Age.

Mould for a sword B12189

Fragment of one half of a soapstone mould for a double-edged blade, the size indicating that it is for a sword. Only the middle part is preserved. There is a marked V-shaped central rib surrounded by a line on each side. The blade narrows slightly forward. Length: c. 19.3 cm. Width: 5.4-7 cm. Photo: Svein Skare © University Museum in Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0

Location:
Olset (gnr. 30/1), Askvoll, Sogn & Fjordane

Context:
Found on a field on a slope, Kvernhusbakken, in the 1940s; the location is 40-50 m SW of the barn and 10 m NW of a stream. The area was excavated by Egil Bakka in 1971, but no other discoveries were made.

Date:
Egil Bakka dated the form to the Early Bronze Age period 2-3. It is difficult to give a more precise dating as both the point and the attachment are missing.

Mould for socketed axe B11924 a og b

Photo: Svein Skare © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0

B11924/a: Complete soapstone mould for a socketed axe. Each valve has a polished, semi-circular finish; traces of work on the mould can be seen. One half is complete; the other is fragmented and glued together. One half has two notches, one on either side, that probably are matching lines. There are three knobs on the parting face, two on each side below the loop and transverse ribs, and one beneath the edge, and corresponding holes on the other valve. There is a core print at the top: a vertical groove on both valves, although one is wider than the other.  The cavity is blackened. The axe cavity is for a large axe, about 12.3 cm, with a loop and three parallel transverse ribs, similar to Baudou’s type VII C 1 a, except that it is longer. The sides are parallel and the edge is straight. Length: c. 17.2 cm. Width: c. 7.6 cm

B11924/b: Fragmented soapstone mould for a socketed axe; the fragments are glued together. Only a few pieces are missing. This damage is partly ancient as one of the fragments is clearly eroded by water. The mould is rectangular. There are matching lines on the bottom and sides of each half. The top has core prints consisting of a wide vertical groove and two round depressions on one half, the round depressions cannot be ascertained on the other half as this area is damaged. The cavity is partly blackened. The cavity is for a large axe with loop and marked rim around the socket as well as two transverse ribs beneath. It has straight, parallel sides and a straight edge, and the blade has a hexagonal cross-section. The blade is decorated: a Y-shaped rib and two vertical and rectangular depressions running halfway down the blade. Baudou’s type VII A 2 a. A mould from Katteskalla, Sweden is a close parallel (Montelius, Minnen fig. 1067). Length: 17.6 and 17.7 cm. Width: c. 7.5 cm

B11924/c: Flint disc. Grey flint, fine retouch along two sides. Length: 4.9 cm. Width: 3.9 cm

Location:
Nyhamar (gnr.114/1), Gulen, Sogn og Fjordane

Context:
One half was found in a pile of gravel after the local road was built, about 30-35 m from land. The gravel came from a ditch or culvert that was dug under the road. The remaining parts of the two molds as well as a flint disk (B11924/c) were found during two subsequent excavations. One half of B11924/a and some fragments of B11924/b were found in situ in gravel next to several large stones. The fragments that were found before the excavations were probably a few centimeters above the in situ find, according to the report (Bakka 1965). The area is on a slope where there has been trickling water or possibly a stream, and the trench was dug in the direction of the water. The forms and the flint disk were most likely disposed of together.

Date:
Both moulds are for large axes, suggesting an early date. The decoration on B11924/b points to period 4, while B11924/a could be dated to period 3 or 4.

Mould B11616

Fragment of a soapstone mould for a blade, possibly a sword or dagger. Only the tip of the blade is preserved. The ends converge into a point, and there is a marked central rib. There is some damage around the tip. Length: 9 cm. Width: 2.4 – 3.7 cm. Photo: Svein Skare © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0

Context:
No information on when or where it was found.

Location:
Prestegarden, Ullensvang (gnr. 76), Ullensvang, Hordaland

Date:
As this is a fragment without an indication of the type of blade, a more precise dating cannot be given. The form is dated to the Bronze Age.

 

Mould B9124

© Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0
Photo: Svein Skare © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0

One half of a soapstone mould for socketed axe with loop. There are three transverse ribs on the neck, between the rim and the loop. The mould is somewhat damaged, especially around the edge, so that the shape of the blade is uncertain. There is a V-shaped cut at the top. The shape is concave on the outside. The axe is similar to Montelius: Minnen fig. 1169 and 1170. Length: 10.9 cm. Width: 6.4 cm

Context:
Found in the ground during plowing during potato harvest, no other information.

Location:
Eide (no. 123/11), Granvin, Hordaland

Date:
The mould is for a small axe of a type dated to the Late Bronze Age period 6.

 

Mould B8903

© Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0
Foto: Svein Skare © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0

Mould. One half of a soapstone mould for an socketed axe; probably unfinished as there is no loop or ribs. The axe is slender and undecorated, with a curved egg. Length: 13.4 cm. Width: 6.3 cm

Context:
Found about 0.5 m deep on a slope, 20-30 m from the site of several pits and a ditch. It was found together with a «quern stone», which is now lost. Excavations at the site yielded no further information.

Location:
Opedal (number 74/11), Ullensvang, Hordaland

Date:
Since there are no datable details, the shape cannot be given a more specific dating than the Younger Bronze Age period 4-6.

 

Moulds for two swords B8757

Foto: Svein Skare © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen, CC BY-SA 4.0

Two pieces of soapstone mould for two different swords (B8757). The forms are relatively whole but in parts: one is  glued together from four parts, the other from two parts. There is crushing damage at the breaks, but the blades of the swords can be reconstructed. Both swords have tangs, one is shorter than the other but has a longer tang. The forms measure L 59.6 cm x W 2.8 cm D 2.8 cm and L 47.5 cm x W 6.9 cm D 2.8 cm. The longest sword has measured L 56.5 cm W 4.8 cm. The other has measured L 50.2 cm W 4.5 cm.

Context:
Found around 1920 during fresh clearance at a depth of approx. 30 cm, almost on bedrock and close to a large rock. The place is 20-30 m from the farmhouse at Slottsvik.

Location:
Slottsvik (151/7), Ålesund, Møre & Romsdal

Date:
The swords are similar to those dated to the Younger Bronze Age period 4 and the forms are therefore dated as such.